/ fshoeyellow92's Library/ Notes/ Supply: pconline 2009 Nian 11 Yue 12 Ri Author: Lyon Editor: chenxuhua
Supply: pconline 2009 Nian 11 Yue 12 Ri Author: Lyon Editor: chenxuhua
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Despite the fact that the overall performance of difficult drives is far behind the CPU, GPU and other accessories, no one can replace its significant position inside the Pc. Its technical parameters and efficiency are nonetheless steadily enhancing, and overall performance improvements It may nevertheless be seasoned by customers. Recently, the third edition of the SATA specification released by SATA-IO, the international organization of SATA, has improved the interface speed to an astonishing 6Gb / s. Many first-tier motherboard makers available also released their own motherboard merchandise that assistance SATA6Gbps for the very first time. The hard drive industry leader Seagate also released the world's initially SATA6Gb / s2TB tough drive-BarracudaXT. SATA6Gbps (SATARevision3.0) has been ready from specification to product line.
The fast response of the sector illustrates the significance attached to this new technology. Since the serial transmission interface SATA replaces the parallel transmission interface PATA, the SATA interface specification has developed from 1.5Gbps for the current 6Gbps, and also the tough disk storage technologies has changed substantially from inside to outside. The old technology is constantly enhanced, and new technologies are continuously added, which makes the performance of the hard disk make wonderful progress. Below, I will list a number of the new technologies which have been applied to hard disk storage during this time, which affect the efficiency with the hard disk and influence the actual use of users, to welcome the arrival in the third-generation SATA, SATA6Gbps.
Perpendicular recording technology
The author puts this technologies inside the 1st location, for the reason that it includes a extremely important which means for regular hard drives. Facing the unparalleled benefits of the overall performance of solid state drives (SSDs), probably the most advantageous counterattack weapons for mechanical hard drives are capacity and price per G capacity. Given that 2003, the improvement speed in the single-disk capacity on the disk has begun to slow down. The low growth price of 30% per year indicates that the longitudinal recording technology has reached a crucial point, and the single-disk capacity has been hard to enhance. Nevertheless, The application of perpendicular recording technology has changed this dilemma, and also permitted the traditional hard disk's dominance to continue.
Functioning diagram of longitudinal recording technologies (left) and vertical recording technology (right)
Perpendicular Magnetic Recording (PMR) is relative to the previous longitudinal recording process (Longitudinal Magnetic Recording, LMR). When the SN direction of every single recording unit is horizontal towards the disc, it truly is referred to as a longitudinal recording strategy. The perpendicular recording technology makes use of the thickness to overcome the superparamagnetic effect, which can proficiently increase the density from the magnetic disk, thus replacing the longitudinal recording technology.
The iconic Seagate 7200.10 vertical recording technologies really hard drive
Vertical recording technology has further improved the density in the disk. The most direct advantage is that the challenging disk capacity on the difficult disk cavity with restricted volume has been significantly enhanced. The maximum capacity with the commercially out there hard disks has reached the massive 2000GB. In February this year, Showa Denko just announced the complete line of applications for the fourth generation of vertical recording technologies, such as a single-disc 500GB three.5-inch disc using a maximum single-disc capacity. And Showa Denko's next program is to use a fifth-generation vertical recording technologies having a 750GB three.5-inch disc. It can be believed that by then, the desktop challenging drive with a capacity of 4TB will arrive.
Comparison of read and create functionality in between single-disc 500GB challenging disk and single-disc 250GB really hard disk
The improve in disc density not merely can properly improve the capacity in the difficult disk, but in addition tends to make the continuous transfer price with the challenging disk happen to be qualitatively improved. From our test results, we can see that with every single enhance in single-disc capacity, the study and create speed of your challenging disk has been drastically elevated. The existing outer disk transfer speed on the single-disk 500GB difficult disk has exceeded 130MB / s.
Serial ATA interface: SATA Skilled DIYer need to realize that the transmission price from the tough disk has constantly been the internal transmission price from the challenging disk, not the transmission rate on the external interface. Having said that, since the vertical recording technologies has been totally applied and the disk recording density has been growing, the transmission functionality of mainstream hard drives has already exceeded 100MB / s, and parallel PATA can no longer meet the actual wants. In the physical design and style of the interface, the wide PATA interface and cables have impacted the heat dissipation duct inside the chassis to a specific extent. The shorter length in the PATA cable reduces the flexibility of cable management, plus there is no hot swap Ability, PATA is eliminated is currently a matter certainly.
ten SATA ports, when replaced with PATA, it takes up numerous times additional space
Within the transmission mode, SATA is usually a point-to-point serial transmission mode. Each SATA device can monopolize all the bandwidth of a SATA channel, avoiding the issue of two devices on 1 channel in the PATA parallel transmission mode and grabbing the bandwidth along with the trouble of jumpers; transmission speed Within the previous, SATA from 1.5Gb / s (150MB / s), 3.0Gb / s (300MB / s), to the most up-to-date 6.0Gb / s, is substantially greater than PATA's highest 133MB / s. Some friends could possibly be confused regarding the transmission price. As an example, why the transmission speed of SATA3.0Gb / s is 300MB / s? how to recover invalid partition table is because SATA utilizes an encoding referred to as 8b / 10b. Below this mechanism, 8-bit information is really packaged and sent in line with 10-bit. The encoding efficiency of 8b / 10b is 80%, and every single byte is equal to 8bit, so three.0Gbps = 3000 / 8x80% = 300MB / s.
PATA data cable (left) and SATA data cable (right)
I believe that lots of old hometowns have skilled the connector. It requires lots of work and pain to deal with the hands, so I ca n’t unplug the IDE information cable and 4pin power cable in the device. SATA has greatly reduced the size of data plugs and energy plugs. It may be effortlessly plugged in and out, and brings hot plugging options. SATA also has an advantage within the length and volume of the information cable. The length of as much as 1 meter plus the incredibly tiny size make the SATA cable effortlessly route inside the chassis, which could be attractive and assist heat dissipation inside the chassis. Along with the wide IDE line can't be compared.
There's a misconception regarding the quantity of times the SATA interface is plugged and unplugged: the SATA interface is often plugged and unplugged 50 times. The truth is, this is not appropriate. It is actually stipulated within the SATA specification: the durability of the internal connector should not be significantly less than 50 insertion and removal cycles, that may be to say, the SATA interface solution created in accordance together with the specification, its resistance to insertion and extraction should not be lower than 50 occasions, not 50 times at most, is the lower limit in place of the upper limit.
Comparison of ESATA (left) and SATA (appropriate) connectors
In the previous, when we connected mobile difficult disks along with other devices outside the chassis, we generally utilised USB2.0 or FireWire 1394 interfaces, however the actual transmission capacity of those two interfaces (USB2.0 about 30MB / s; IEEE1394 about 40MB / s) is far from satisfactory. Now the performance needs of challenging disks (far more than 100MB / s). The emergence of eSATA makes it possible for users to connect SATA devices outdoors the computer system to receive the same impact as internal connections. For the internal interface SATA, the external eSATA interface only improves the plug resistance on the connector, and also the number of insertions and removals can exceed 2000 occasions; whilst the internal pin definition is precisely the exact same as the SATA interface.
In this way, the eSATA interface could be regarded because the extension and expansion with the SATA interface. Such a function upgrade doesn't demand chip conversion, and there's no conversion course of action that will trigger loss, so the transmission speed of the eSATA interface and the SATA interface are exactly the exact same. The distinction is that 1 is definitely an external interface plus the other is an internal interface. The cost of implementing the eSATA function is incredibly low, and also the most significant disadvantage will be the need to provide energy for the device separately. Consequently, the eSATA interface with superb efficiency and low expense has also turn out to be the biggest rival with the newest USB3.0 technologies.
AHCI (Serial ATA Advanced Master Manage Interface)
AHCI, which can be called SerialATAAdvancedHostControllerInterface (SerialATAAdvancedHostControllerInterface), is definitely an interface standard jointly created by multiple organizations under the guidance of Intel. Its R \u0026 D team members involve Intel, AMD, Dell, Marvell, Maxtor, Microsoft , Red Hat, Seagate, StorageGear along with other well-known enterprises. In AHCI technologies, by far the most often utilized sophisticated functions are hot swap function and NCQ (Complete Speed Command Sorting).
Set the AHCI function inside the motherboard BIOS
AHCI describes a PCI variety device, which primarily plays the role of an interface involving technique memory and serial ATA devices, and it can be widespread in distinctive operating systems and hardware. For the motherboard, it really is an optional function. This function can only take effect when the user enables the AHCI of the disk controller (some motherboards have more than 1 disk controller) within the BIOS settings after which appropriately installs the operating program.
IntelMatrix storage manager interface
We mentioned earlier that the SATA interface can help hot swapping, but in actual fact, SATA1.0 features a full hot swapping capability, but the ability to SATAII is truly best. Right after turning around the AHCI function of the disk controller of your motherboard (some motherboards have far more than one particular disk controller), immediately after installing the operating method and drivers correctly, we are able to simply hot plug the SATA / eSATA devices beneath the controller Pull operation.
NCQ (Full Speed Command Sorting)
The efficiency of SCSI challenging disks under multi-task load has been known for any lengthy time. The fundamental cause is its command sequencing function additionally towards the amazing interface speed from the SCSI interface. In the previous, PATA and SATA challenging disks also lag behind SCSI hard disks in overall performance due to the lack of an instruction optimization execution function. In response to this dilemma, Intel ’s NCQ (Native Command Queuing), which was initial introduced inside the AHCI 1.0 specification, can considerably cut down the useless seek times and information search time of your challenging disk, which can drastically boost the overall performance of the really hard disk under multitasking.
NCQ and non-NCQ head functioning mode
If there's no native command queue, when the command is sent towards the really hard disk, it will likely be processed within the order in which the command arrives. Even though this sounds extremely reasonable, in truth such efficiency will likely be relatively low. Suppose your challenging disk receives 3 commands to read data from the difficult disk. The initial command requires reading information in the innermost track, and also the second command needs reading information from the outermost track. The last command calls for reading the innermost data. If the commands are executed in order, the head must walk about the entire difficult disk.
Should you can first execute two commands that ought to read data on the outer track (the first and third commands) then execute the second command to read the inner track, the efficiency might be a lot enhanced. That is what the native command queue does. With the native command queue function, the disk can view several needs and process them within the most effective way. Processing commands within this way can increase the technique performance of your difficult disk, and because this process is more efficient, it can also extend the life of the tough disk.
SSD
Strong State Disk (SolidStateDisk; SSD), also referred to as electronic challenging disk or strong state electronic disk. SSD storage media is divided into two sorts, 1 is usually to use flash memory (FLASH chip) as a storage medium, plus the other is always to use DRAM as a storage medium. The interface specifications and definitions, functions, and usage procedures with the solid-state drive are specifically precisely the same as those with the regular difficult drive. Because the solid-state drive will not have the rotating medium of an ordinary challenging drive, it has great shock resistance. Given that there's no mechanical reading and writing structure, the random reading and writing ability on the strong state difficult disk is actually a location that the conventional challenging disk can't appear beyond.
Flash solid state drive
In the solid-state challenging disk depending on flash memory, the storage unit is divided into two categories: SLC and MLC. The disadvantages of SLC are high price and small capacity, but higher study and create functionality; although MLC is characterized by large capacity and low price, with limited create life. Every unit of MLC is 2bit, which is double that of SLC. On the other hand, as a result of the big amount of information stored in every single MLC storage unit, the structure is somewhat complicated, and also the probability of errors will enhance. Error correction ought to be performed. This action causes its efficiency to lag significantly behind the very simple structure of SLC flash memory. Furthermore, the advantage of SLC flash memory is that the amount of rewrites is up to 100,000, which can be 10 times larger than MLC flash memory.
DRAM variety solid state drive, Ramdisk
DRAM-based solid-state tough drive: DRAM is applied as the storage medium, and also the present application variety is fairly narrow. It imitates the design of traditional really hard drives, could be used by most operating program file system tools for volume setting and management, and provides industry-standard PCI and FC interfaces for connecting hosts or servers. Application methods is usually divided into SSD challenging disk and SSD hard disk array. It truly is a high-performance memory and includes a extended service life. The only drawback is that it needs an independent power supply to shield data safety.
For producers to develop and implement new technologies, consumers have often been in a state of passive acceptance, and each new technology has an acceptance process. When http://www.google.com / s interface speed of SATAII was very first introduced, I believe most users would believe that such a high-speed external interface speed is merely not applied, due to the fact the internal transmission speed of classic difficult drives is only about 1/3 on the external interface, but When solid-state drives with a reading capacity of up to 250MB / s are launched, everybody will worry that such an interface will probably be quick and not sufficient. Nowadays, the highly effective SATA6Gbps specification will also encounter precisely the same circumstance, and we are able to only wait for items which will give full play for the functionality of this specification.
The fast response of the sector illustrates the significance attached to this new technology. Since the serial transmission interface SATA replaces the parallel transmission interface PATA, the SATA interface specification has developed from 1.5Gbps for the current 6Gbps, and also the tough disk storage technologies has changed substantially from inside to outside. The old technology is constantly enhanced, and new technologies are continuously added, which makes the performance of the hard disk make wonderful progress. Below, I will list a number of the new technologies which have been applied to hard disk storage during this time, which affect the efficiency with the hard disk and influence the actual use of users, to welcome the arrival in the third-generation SATA, SATA6Gbps.
Perpendicular recording technology
The author puts this technologies inside the 1st location, for the reason that it includes a extremely important which means for regular hard drives. Facing the unparalleled benefits of the overall performance of solid state drives (SSDs), probably the most advantageous counterattack weapons for mechanical hard drives are capacity and price per G capacity. Given that 2003, the improvement speed in the single-disk capacity on the disk has begun to slow down. The low growth price of 30% per year indicates that the longitudinal recording technology has reached a crucial point, and the single-disk capacity has been hard to enhance. Nevertheless, The application of perpendicular recording technology has changed this dilemma, and also permitted the traditional hard disk's dominance to continue.
Functioning diagram of longitudinal recording technologies (left) and vertical recording technology (right)
Perpendicular Magnetic Recording (PMR) is relative to the previous longitudinal recording process (Longitudinal Magnetic Recording, LMR). When the SN direction of every single recording unit is horizontal towards the disc, it truly is referred to as a longitudinal recording strategy. The perpendicular recording technology makes use of the thickness to overcome the superparamagnetic effect, which can proficiently increase the density from the magnetic disk, thus replacing the longitudinal recording technology.
The iconic Seagate 7200.10 vertical recording technologies really hard drive
Vertical recording technology has further improved the density in the disk. The most direct advantage is that the challenging disk capacity on the difficult disk cavity with restricted volume has been significantly enhanced. The maximum capacity with the commercially out there hard disks has reached the massive 2000GB. In February this year, Showa Denko just announced the complete line of applications for the fourth generation of vertical recording technologies, such as a single-disc 500GB three.5-inch disc using a maximum single-disc capacity. And Showa Denko's next program is to use a fifth-generation vertical recording technologies having a 750GB three.5-inch disc. It can be believed that by then, the desktop challenging drive with a capacity of 4TB will arrive.
Comparison of read and create functionality in between single-disc 500GB challenging disk and single-disc 250GB really hard disk
The improve in disc density not merely can properly improve the capacity in the difficult disk, but in addition tends to make the continuous transfer price with the challenging disk happen to be qualitatively improved. From our test results, we can see that with every single enhance in single-disc capacity, the study and create speed of your challenging disk has been drastically elevated. The existing outer disk transfer speed on the single-disk 500GB difficult disk has exceeded 130MB / s.
Serial ATA interface: SATA Skilled DIYer need to realize that the transmission price from the tough disk has constantly been the internal transmission price from the challenging disk, not the transmission rate on the external interface. Having said that, since the vertical recording technologies has been totally applied and the disk recording density has been growing, the transmission functionality of mainstream hard drives has already exceeded 100MB / s, and parallel PATA can no longer meet the actual wants. In the physical design and style of the interface, the wide PATA interface and cables have impacted the heat dissipation duct inside the chassis to a specific extent. The shorter length in the PATA cable reduces the flexibility of cable management, plus there is no hot swap Ability, PATA is eliminated is currently a matter certainly.
ten SATA ports, when replaced with PATA, it takes up numerous times additional space
Within the transmission mode, SATA is usually a point-to-point serial transmission mode. Each SATA device can monopolize all the bandwidth of a SATA channel, avoiding the issue of two devices on 1 channel in the PATA parallel transmission mode and grabbing the bandwidth along with the trouble of jumpers; transmission speed Within the previous, SATA from 1.5Gb / s (150MB / s), 3.0Gb / s (300MB / s), to the most up-to-date 6.0Gb / s, is substantially greater than PATA's highest 133MB / s. Some friends could possibly be confused regarding the transmission price. As an example, why the transmission speed of SATA3.0Gb / s is 300MB / s? how to recover invalid partition table is because SATA utilizes an encoding referred to as 8b / 10b. Below this mechanism, 8-bit information is really packaged and sent in line with 10-bit. The encoding efficiency of 8b / 10b is 80%, and every single byte is equal to 8bit, so three.0Gbps = 3000 / 8x80% = 300MB / s.
PATA data cable (left) and SATA data cable (right)
I believe that lots of old hometowns have skilled the connector. It requires lots of work and pain to deal with the hands, so I ca n’t unplug the IDE information cable and 4pin power cable in the device. SATA has greatly reduced the size of data plugs and energy plugs. It may be effortlessly plugged in and out, and brings hot plugging options. SATA also has an advantage within the length and volume of the information cable. The length of as much as 1 meter plus the incredibly tiny size make the SATA cable effortlessly route inside the chassis, which could be attractive and assist heat dissipation inside the chassis. Along with the wide IDE line can't be compared.
There's a misconception regarding the quantity of times the SATA interface is plugged and unplugged: the SATA interface is often plugged and unplugged 50 times. The truth is, this is not appropriate. It is actually stipulated within the SATA specification: the durability of the internal connector should not be significantly less than 50 insertion and removal cycles, that may be to say, the SATA interface solution created in accordance together with the specification, its resistance to insertion and extraction should not be lower than 50 occasions, not 50 times at most, is the lower limit in place of the upper limit.
Comparison of ESATA (left) and SATA (appropriate) connectors
In the previous, when we connected mobile difficult disks along with other devices outside the chassis, we generally utilised USB2.0 or FireWire 1394 interfaces, however the actual transmission capacity of those two interfaces (USB2.0 about 30MB / s; IEEE1394 about 40MB / s) is far from satisfactory. Now the performance needs of challenging disks (far more than 100MB / s). The emergence of eSATA makes it possible for users to connect SATA devices outdoors the computer system to receive the same impact as internal connections. For the internal interface SATA, the external eSATA interface only improves the plug resistance on the connector, and also the number of insertions and removals can exceed 2000 occasions; whilst the internal pin definition is precisely the exact same as the SATA interface.
In this way, the eSATA interface could be regarded because the extension and expansion with the SATA interface. Such a function upgrade doesn't demand chip conversion, and there's no conversion course of action that will trigger loss, so the transmission speed of the eSATA interface and the SATA interface are exactly the exact same. The distinction is that 1 is definitely an external interface plus the other is an internal interface. The cost of implementing the eSATA function is incredibly low, and also the most significant disadvantage will be the need to provide energy for the device separately. Consequently, the eSATA interface with superb efficiency and low expense has also turn out to be the biggest rival with the newest USB3.0 technologies.
AHCI (Serial ATA Advanced Master Manage Interface)
AHCI, which can be called SerialATAAdvancedHostControllerInterface (SerialATAAdvancedHostControllerInterface), is definitely an interface standard jointly created by multiple organizations under the guidance of Intel. Its R \u0026 D team members involve Intel, AMD, Dell, Marvell, Maxtor, Microsoft , Red Hat, Seagate, StorageGear along with other well-known enterprises. In AHCI technologies, by far the most often utilized sophisticated functions are hot swap function and NCQ (Complete Speed Command Sorting).
Set the AHCI function inside the motherboard BIOS
AHCI describes a PCI variety device, which primarily plays the role of an interface involving technique memory and serial ATA devices, and it can be widespread in distinctive operating systems and hardware. For the motherboard, it really is an optional function. This function can only take effect when the user enables the AHCI of the disk controller (some motherboards have more than 1 disk controller) within the BIOS settings after which appropriately installs the operating program.
IntelMatrix storage manager interface
We mentioned earlier that the SATA interface can help hot swapping, but in actual fact, SATA1.0 features a full hot swapping capability, but the ability to SATAII is truly best. Right after turning around the AHCI function of the disk controller of your motherboard (some motherboards have far more than one particular disk controller), immediately after installing the operating method and drivers correctly, we are able to simply hot plug the SATA / eSATA devices beneath the controller Pull operation.
NCQ (Full Speed Command Sorting)
The efficiency of SCSI challenging disks under multi-task load has been known for any lengthy time. The fundamental cause is its command sequencing function additionally towards the amazing interface speed from the SCSI interface. In the previous, PATA and SATA challenging disks also lag behind SCSI hard disks in overall performance due to the lack of an instruction optimization execution function. In response to this dilemma, Intel ’s NCQ (Native Command Queuing), which was initial introduced inside the AHCI 1.0 specification, can considerably cut down the useless seek times and information search time of your challenging disk, which can drastically boost the overall performance of the really hard disk under multitasking.
NCQ and non-NCQ head functioning mode
If there's no native command queue, when the command is sent towards the really hard disk, it will likely be processed within the order in which the command arrives. Even though this sounds extremely reasonable, in truth such efficiency will likely be relatively low. Suppose your challenging disk receives 3 commands to read data from the difficult disk. The initial command requires reading information in the innermost track, and also the second command needs reading information from the outermost track. The last command calls for reading the innermost data. If the commands are executed in order, the head must walk about the entire difficult disk.
Should you can first execute two commands that ought to read data on the outer track (the first and third commands) then execute the second command to read the inner track, the efficiency might be a lot enhanced. That is what the native command queue does. With the native command queue function, the disk can view several needs and process them within the most effective way. Processing commands within this way can increase the technique performance of your difficult disk, and because this process is more efficient, it can also extend the life of the tough disk.
SSD
Strong State Disk (SolidStateDisk; SSD), also referred to as electronic challenging disk or strong state electronic disk. SSD storage media is divided into two sorts, 1 is usually to use flash memory (FLASH chip) as a storage medium, plus the other is always to use DRAM as a storage medium. The interface specifications and definitions, functions, and usage procedures with the solid-state drive are specifically precisely the same as those with the regular difficult drive. Because the solid-state drive will not have the rotating medium of an ordinary challenging drive, it has great shock resistance. Given that there's no mechanical reading and writing structure, the random reading and writing ability on the strong state difficult disk is actually a location that the conventional challenging disk can't appear beyond.
Flash solid state drive
In the solid-state challenging disk depending on flash memory, the storage unit is divided into two categories: SLC and MLC. The disadvantages of SLC are high price and small capacity, but higher study and create functionality; although MLC is characterized by large capacity and low price, with limited create life. Every unit of MLC is 2bit, which is double that of SLC. On the other hand, as a result of the big amount of information stored in every single MLC storage unit, the structure is somewhat complicated, and also the probability of errors will enhance. Error correction ought to be performed. This action causes its efficiency to lag significantly behind the very simple structure of SLC flash memory. Furthermore, the advantage of SLC flash memory is that the amount of rewrites is up to 100,000, which can be 10 times larger than MLC flash memory.
DRAM variety solid state drive, Ramdisk
DRAM-based solid-state tough drive: DRAM is applied as the storage medium, and also the present application variety is fairly narrow. It imitates the design of traditional really hard drives, could be used by most operating program file system tools for volume setting and management, and provides industry-standard PCI and FC interfaces for connecting hosts or servers. Application methods is usually divided into SSD challenging disk and SSD hard disk array. It truly is a high-performance memory and includes a extended service life. The only drawback is that it needs an independent power supply to shield data safety.
For producers to develop and implement new technologies, consumers have often been in a state of passive acceptance, and each new technology has an acceptance process. When http://www.google.com / s interface speed of SATAII was very first introduced, I believe most users would believe that such a high-speed external interface speed is merely not applied, due to the fact the internal transmission speed of classic difficult drives is only about 1/3 on the external interface, but When solid-state drives with a reading capacity of up to 250MB / s are launched, everybody will worry that such an interface will probably be quick and not sufficient. Nowadays, the highly effective SATA6Gbps specification will also encounter precisely the same circumstance, and we are able to only wait for items which will give full play for the functionality of this specification.
