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D., et al. (2006 ). Surgical vs. nonoperative treatment for lumbar disk herniation: The spinal column patient results research trial (SPORT). Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 2441-2450. 5. Weinstein, J. N., Lurie, J. D., Tosteson, T. D., et al. (2008 ). Surgical vs. nonoperative treatment for back disc herniation: Four-year results for the spinal column client results research trial (SPORT).

6. Peul, W. C., et al. (2007 ). Surgery versus prolonged conservative treatment for sciatica. New England Journal of Medication, 356, 2245-2256. 7. Gibson J. N., & Waddell, G. (Updated January 6, 2007). Surgical intervention for back disc prolapse. [Cochrane Evaluation] In Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2007 (2 ). Obtained November 25, 2011, from The Cochrane Library, Wiley Interscience.

Nikolaidis I., Fouyas, I. P., Sandercock, P. A., & Statham, P. F. (Updated December 14, 2008). Surgery for cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. [Cochrane Evaluation] In Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010 (1 ). Recovered November 25, 2011, from The Cochrane Library, Wiley Interscience. 9. Arden, N. K., Cost, C., Reading, I., Stubbing, J., Hazelgrove, J., Dunne, C., Michel, M., Rogers, P., & Cooper C.

A multicentre randomized controlled trial of epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica: The WEST study. Rheumatology, 44, 1399-1406. 10. Ng, L., Chaudhary, N., & Sell, P. (2005 ). The effectiveness of corticosteroids in periradicular seepage in chronic radicular discomfort: A randomized, double-blind, regulated trial. Spine, 30, 857-862. 11. Staal, J. B., de Bie, R., de Vet, H.

( Updated March 30, 2007). Injection treatment for subacute and persistent low neck and back pain. In Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008 (3 ). Obtained April 22, 2012. 12. van Tulder, M. W., Koes, B., Seitsalo, S., & Malmivaara, A. (2006 ). Results of invasive treatment methods in low neck and back pain and sciatica: An evidence based review.

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13. van Wijk, R. M., Geurts, J. W., Wynne, H. J., Hammink, E., Buskens, E., Lousberg, R., Knape, J. T., & Groen, G. J. (2005 ). Radiofrequency denervation of lumbar facet joints in the treatment of chronic low neck and back pain: A randomized, double-blind, sham lesion-controlled trial (what does a pain clinic drug test for). Clinical Journal of Pain, 21, 335-344.

Leclaire, R., Fortin, L., Lambert. R., Bergeron, Y. M., & Rosignol, M. (2001 ). Radiofrequency facet joint denervation in the treatment of low pain in the back: A placebo-controlled scientific trial to evaluate effectiveness. Spine, 26, 1411-1416. 15. Chou, R., Atlas, S. J., Stanos, S. P., & Rosenquist, R. W. (2009 ). Nonsurgical interventional treatments for low neck and back pain: A review of the proof for the American Discomfort Society medical practice standard.

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Spine stimulation for clients with stopped working back syndrome or complex local pain syndrome: An organized review of efficiency and complications. Discomfort, 108, 137-147. 18. Turner, J. A., Sears, J. M., & Loeser, J. D. (2007 ). Programmable intrathecal opioid shipment systems for persistent noncancer discomfort: A systematic evaluation of effectiveness and problems.

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21. Von Korff, M., Kolodny, A., Deyo, R. A., & Chou, R. (2012 ). Long-term opioid treatment reassessed. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155, 325-328. 22. Chou, R., Ballantyne, J. C., Fanciullo, G. J., Fine, P. G., & Miaskowski, C. (2009 ). Research study gaps on usage of opioids for persistent noncancer discomfort: Findings from a review of the evidence for an American Discomfort Society and American Academy of Discomfort Medication scientific practice standard.

23. Ballantyne, J. C. & Shin, N. S. (2008 ). Efficacy of opioids for chronic discomfort: A review of the proof. Medical Journal of Pain, 24, 469-478. 24. Martell, B. A., O'Connor, P. G., Kerns, R. D., Becker, W. C., Morales, K. H., Kosten, T. R., Fiellin. D. A. (2007 ). Organized evaluation: Opioid treatment for persistent back discomfort: Occurrence, effectiveness, and association with dependency.

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( 1992 ). Efficacy of multidisciplinary discomfort treatment centers: A meta-analytic evaluation. Discomfort, 49, 221-230. 30. Gatchel, R., J., & Okifuji, A. (2006 ). Evidence-based scientific data recording the treatment and cost-effectiveness of thorough discomfort programs for chronic non-malignant discomfort. Journal of Pain, 7, 779-793. 31. Turk, D. C. (2002 ). Scientific efficiency and cost-effectiveness of treatments for patients with persistent pain.

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How do u set about getting ... Asked 2 Sep 2013 by BonniekKaye Updated 4 September 2013 Subjects discomfort, medical professional, discomfort management got tossed out 2nd story window onto conCrete have crack in my back that Will never heal and in my job extremely hard on my back how do I ask my physician for help without Soundng like a tablet freak BU 2 Sep 2013 Bonnie, It depends upon your insurance coverage as most insurance coverage Co.

Are you being dealt with currently by Main Dr.for your pain presently? As a lot of Discomfort Management expert choose that you have actually attempted the "basics" through your Main Dr. first. Best of luck, Kathy KA 2 Sep 2013 Hey BonniekKaye, Yes, you require a recommendation due to the fact that they concentrate on pain management for persistent conditions/pain.

Your main care physician can refer you. It also depends on the dr you want to see. I have actually gone to discomfort management drs who didn't need that they have a recommendation and ones who did. AN 3 Sep 2013 My present discomfort management physician asked me for fundamental medical information over the telephone before he would accept me as a patient.

Neither of those physicians did a background check; however, they did request certain records from my previous medical professionals such as workplace visit notes, MRIs and x-rays. Annie FA 3 Sep 2013 It depends what state you remain in and their requirements. My father had to have a certain detect prior to anyone would accept him.

They are extremely thorough in NJ. He needed to see a minimum of 3 professional in order to get a referral it's a crazy procedure here. To enter a Discomfort Management clinic at a significant University, I needed to have actually a letter sent out from my PCP. The discomfort clinic took numerous weeks to examine it initially to see if they would even schedule me for an appointment.