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See This Report on Bacterial superantigens - NCBI

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Some Known Facts About Superantigens – The Immune System Meets Microbes.


Endogenous SAgs [modify] Small lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) exotoxins were initially discovered in the thymic stromal cells of mice. These contaminants are encoded by SAg genes that were integrated into the mouse genome from the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV). The presence of these genes in the mouse genome allows the mouse to express the antigen in the thymus as a method of adversely selecting for lymphocytes with a variable Beta region that is prone to stimulation by the viral SAg.


Comparable endogenous SAg-dependent selection has yet to be determined in the human genome, however endogenous Droops have been found and are believed of playing an essential role in viral infection. Infection by the Epstein, Barr infection, for instance, is known to trigger production of a Droop in infected cells, yet no gene for the toxin has actually been discovered on the genome of the virus.


Viral Superantigens - 1st Edition - Kyuhei Tomonari - GJeanette ThToxins - Free Full-Text - Therapeutic Down-Modulators of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Induced Inflammation and Toxic Shock


Comparable outcomes have been found with rabies, cytomegalovirus, and HIV. Recommendations [edit] Llewelyn M, Cohen J (March 2002). "Superantigens: microbial agents that corrupt immunity". Lancet Infect Dis. 2 (3 ): 15662. doi:10. 1016/S1473 -3099( 02 )00222-0. PMID 11944185. Li H., Llera A., Malchiodi E.L., Mariuzza R.A. The structural basis of T cell activation by superantigens.


Rev. Immunol. 1999; 17:435466. doi: 10. 1146/annurev. immunol. 17. 1.435. Sriskandan S, Faulkner L, Hopkins P (2007 ). "Streptococcus pyogenes: Insight into the function of the streptococcal superantigens". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 39 (1 ): 129. doi:10. 1016/j. biocel. 2006. 08.009. PMID 17029999. Mehindate K, Thibodeau J, Dohlsten M, Kalland T, Skaly RP, Mourad W (November 1995).


Superantigen (SAg): Examples and Roles • Microbe OnlineSuperantigen ~ ViralZone


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J. Exp. Med. 182 (5 ): 15737. doi:10. 1084/jem. 182.5. 1573. PMC. PMID 7595227. Papageorgiou Air Conditioning, Tranter HS, Acharya KR (March 1998). "Crystal structure of microbial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B at 1. 5 A resolution: ramifications for superantigen acknowledgment by MHC class II particles and T-cell receptors". J. Mol. Biol.


SuperantigensSuperantigens as immunomodulators: recent structural insights: Structure


doi:10. 1006/jmbi. 1997.1577. PMID 9514739. Schlievert PM (April 1982). "Improvement of host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock by staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C". gut immunity . Immun. 36 (1 ): 1238. doi:10. 1128/IAI.36. 1.123-128. 1982. PMC. PMID 7042568. Alouf JE, Mller-Alouf H (February 2003). "Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens: molecular, biological and scientific elements".


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