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The area consists of 13 island nations, from the Bahamas in the north to Trinidad and Tobago in the south; Belize, which is geographically located in Central America; and the two countries of Guyana and Suriname, situated on the north main coast of South America. Numerous nations in the area share a typical African ethnic and British colonial heritage, while Cuba and the Dominican Republic were Spanish colonies, Haiti was French, and Suriname was Dutch. The dates of self-reliance of these countries vary from Haiti in 1804 to St. Kitts and Nevis in 1983. The largest countries in terms of land area are Guyana and Suriname, while those with the largest populations are Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti.

Politically, all Caribbean countries, with the exception of communist Cuba, have actually elected democratic federal governments. Many of the former British colonies have parliamentary forms of government, with the exception of Guyana, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Suriname, which are republics headed by presidents. In regards to local integration, 14 of the region's independent countries belong to the Caribbean Neighborhood (CARICOM), with the exception of the Dominican Republic (which has observer status) and Cuba. CARICOM was formed in 1973 to spur local financial integration. Some critics argue that it has actually been slow to promote combination, compared to other local economic groupings, however progress has been made in approaching a single financial market and in developing a Caribbean Court of Justice.

The six OECS countries also share a typical currency, the Eastern Caribbean dollar, with monetary policy managed by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank. The Caribbean Advancement Bank (CDB), headquartered in Barbados, promotes economic advancement and regional combination. With the exception of Cuba and Haiti, routine elections have actually been the standard, and for the a lot of part have actually been free and fair. In 2005, Dominica and Suriname held elections in Might, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines held elections in December. Haiti was anticipated to hold elections in 2005, however significant problems and political instability led to those elections being delayed a number of times, up until they were eventually held on February 7, 2006.

Effective elections eventually were held on August 28, 2006, without the political violence that some observers had actually prepared for. Looking ahead, parliamentary elections are due in St. Lucia by December 2006, while elections in the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago are due in 2007. (See for a listing of leaders and elections Additional hints for head of federal government.) Although lots of Caribbean countries have actually maintained long democratic traditions, they are not immune from terrorist and other risks to their political stability. In 1993, stability on St. Kitts was threatened following violent protests after challenged elections; order was restored with the assistance of security forces from surrounding states.

Earlier in the 1980s, the federal government of Eugenia Charles in Dominica was threatened by a strange coup plot involving foreign mercenaries. And obviously, Grenada, under the socialist-oriented federal government of Maurice Bishop, experienced a break from the democratic standard after it assumed power in a nearly bloodless coup in 1979 and installed an individuals's revolutionary federal government. After the violent overthrow and murder of Bishop in 1983, the United States stepped in to bring back order and end the Cuban presence on the island. Many Caribbean countries experienced an economic depression in 2001-2002 due to declines in the tourist and agriculture sectors, although most Caribbean economies have actually rebounded given that 2003.

economic recession and sluggish healing. The banana and sugar sectors in the Eastern Caribbean were damaged by a tropical storm in 2002 and a dry spell in 2003. Both sectors face uncertain futures due to the European Union's plan to phase out favored market access from previous Caribbean colonies for bananas by 2006 and for sugar by 2009. The Haitian economy experienced decrease start in 2001, with political instability intensifying currently tough financial conditions in the hemisphere's poorest country. The strongest carrying out economies over the last few years have been those of the Dominican Republic, sustained by the apparel sector, and Trinidad and Tobago, with significant energy resources.

In 2004 and 2005, the area's strongest economic entertainers averaging development rates over 5% for those 2 years, were Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Those countries not prospering in 2004 since of ravaging hurricanes and tropical storms included Haiti, with a 3. 5%% decline in gdp (GDP), and Grenada, with a GDP decline of 3%. For 2005, however, Grenada's economy rebounded with development over 5%, while Haiti's growth was 1. 8%. In Guyana, economic growth has actually been stagnant or minimal over the past numerous years. In 2005, the economy decreased 3% because of high oil costs and floods, which early in the year badly impacted agriculture and mining activities.

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Nevertheless, some observers have likewise been worried about the area's high level of public financial obligation, with several Caribbean nations having financial obligation levels that exceed 100% of their GDP. U.S. interests in the Caribbean are diverse, and include economic, political, and security concerns. Throughout the Cold War, security concerns tended to eclipse other policy interests. In the aftermath of the Cold War, other U.S. policy interests emerged from the shadow of the East-West dispute in the Caribbean that focused on issues about the Soviet and Cuban risk. U.S. policy concerns moved from one stressing security issues to a new concentrate on strengthened economic relations through trade Additional reading and investment.

interest in the Caribbean. The Administration describes the Caribbean as America's "3rd border," with occasions in the region having a direct effect on the homeland security of the United States. It explains Caribbean countries as "important partners on security, trade, health, the environment, education, local democracy, and other hemispheric concerns." The United States has close relations with many Caribbean countries, with the exception of Cuba under Fidel Castro. The U.S.-Caribbean relationship is characterized by extensive financial linkages, cooperation on counter-narcotics efforts and security, and a large U.S. foreign assistance program supporting a variety of jobs to strengthen democracy, promote economic development and advancement, minimize hardship, and fight the AIDS epidemic in the region. Customs and Border Security of the Department of Homeland Security. The CSI program helps guarantee that high-risk containers are recognized and examined at foreign ports prior to they are placed on vessels for shipment to the United States. In September 2006, 3 Caribbean ports ended up being operational CSI ports: Caucedo, Dominican Republic; Kingston, Jamaica; and Freeport, Bahamas. Other Latin American ports in the CSI program are the Main American port of Puerto Cortes, Honduras, and the South American ports of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Santos, Brazil. In the 108th Congress, a legal initiative called for additional foreign help in order to enhance foreign port security worldwide, however no final action was finished before the end of the session.

2279 (Hollings), in September 2004, which would have offered for the Administrator of the Maritime Administration, in coordination with the Secretary of State, to identify foreign help programs that might help with application of port security antiterrorism steps in foreign nations. The act likewise would have called for a report on the security of ports in the Caribbean Basin, including an assessment of the effectiveness of the measures utilized to better security at such ports and an assessment of the resources and program modifications needed to take full advantage of security at Caribbean Basin ports. In the 109th Congress, two expenses would attend to foreign support programs for Caribbean Basin ports.

744 (Nelson, Bill), introduced April 11, 2005, would establish a Caribbean Basin Port Assistance Program. Under the legal effort, the Administrator of MARAD in the Department of Transportation, in coordination with the Secretary of State, would determine foreign support programs that could help with implementation of port security antiterrorism steps at Caribbean Basin ports. The Administrator and the Secretary would establish a program for such support in consultation with the Company of American States. In addition, the Secretary of Homeland Security would be required to send a report to Congress on status of port security in Caribbean Basin nations. S. 1052 (Stevens), the Transportation Security Enhancement Act of 2005, includes a provision (Section 504) that would develop a program to facilitate application of port security antiterrorism steps in foreign countries, with particular emphasis on ports in the Caribbean Basin; this bill was introduced May 17, 2005, and reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transport on February 27, 2006 (S.Rept.

2791 (Stevens), introduced May 11, 2006. Rising criminal offense is a significant security difficulty throughout the Caribbean. The murder rate in Jamaica continues to soar, with 1,445 individuals killed in 2004 and more than 1,600 individuals in 2005. With rate of 60 murders per 100,000 occupants in 2005, Jamaica had the greatest murder rate worldwide. In late February 2006, Jamaicans were stunned over the harsh killings of six relative, consisting of 4 young kids in the western part of the nation. High levels of violent criminal activity, including murder and kidnaping, likewise have actually afflicted Trinidad and Tobago and Haiti. Even smaller sized Caribbean nations like St.

On April 22, 2006, Guyana's Farming minister, along with his two siblings and a guard, were shot and killed in an evident robbery. Gangs included in drug trafficking, extortion, and violence are accountable for much of the criminal activity. Some observers believe that bad guys deported from the United States have actually contributed to the area's rise in violent crime in recent years, although some preserve that there is no established link. Jamaica has actually advocated the development of a worldwide protocol concerning the deportation of wrongdoers. A major issue for Caribbean nationsthe bulk of which are net energy importershas been the rising cost of oil and the prospective effect of such increasing rates on financial development and social stability.

Of these, just Trinidad and Tobago is a major oil and gas producer, accounting for 60% of proven oil reserves and 91% of natural gas reserves in the area. The country is likewise the biggest supplier of liquified gas (LNG) to the United States, accounting for 75% of all U.S. LNG imports. Apart from Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba likewise produces oil, however still imports a bulk of its intake needs. Barbados likewise produces a percentage of oil, which is refined in Trinidad and Tobago, but it imports 90% of its oil usage needs. Venezuela is now providing oil to Caribbean countries on preferential terms in a new program called Petro, Caribe, and there has actually been some U.S.

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Given that 1980, Caribbean nations have benefitted from preferential oil imports from Venezuela (and Mexico) under the San Jose Pact, and given that 2001, Venezuela has supplied extra assistance for Caribbean oil imports under the Caracas Energy Accord. Petro, Caribe, nevertheless, would go even more with the goal of putting in location a local supply, refining, and transportation and storage network, and developing an advancement fund for those countries taking part in the program. Why are you interested in finance. Under the program, Venezuela announced that it would supply 190,000 barrels daily of oil to the area, with countries paying market value for 50% of the oil within 90 days, and the balance paid over 25 years at an annual rate of 2%.

To date, 14 Caribbean nations are signatories of Petro, Caribe. Barbados, which already gets affordable petroleum rates from Trinidad, has declined to sign the contract, and Trinidad, which has its own significant energy resources, has decreased to sign. (For additional information, see CRS Report RL33693, Latin America: Energy Supply, Political Advancements, and U.S. Policy Approaches, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed]) The AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean, where infection rates are amongst the greatest outside of sub-Saharan Africa, has currently started to westlake timeshare have unfavorable repercussions for financial and social development in the region. In 2005, an approximated 300,000 adults and kids in the Caribbean were reported to be living with HIV, with the epidemic declaring 24,000 lives throughout the year, making it the leading cause of death among grownups aged 15-44 years.