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经济学代写,经济学代做 The Argument for Incompatibilism

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In this paper, I will focus on the Incompatibilism argument that claims that free will and determinism are two incompatible theories. First of all, I will begin by explaining the theory of Determinism and the theory of Free Will separately in detail with examples. Then, I will analyze the “physical possible future” and how it is interpreted in the theory of Determinism and Free Will. And then, I will provide reasons for believing Determinism and Free Will separately. Ultimately, I will illustrate on the argument of the Incompatibilism theory and its implications.

Determinism refers to the theory that believes there is only one possible future at every moment as things are pre-determined by preceding factors (Timpe). Determinists tend to think at a given moment, only one unique option is available to people as only one future conforms to the law of nature (Timpe). To put it into perspective, there is only one option that people can take in a specific circumstance that is physically possible without violating the laws of nature. The only exception for determinism is when a miracle happens, but that is very rare. For example, whether a boy and a girl will fall in love with each other is determined by many preconditions, such as their personal preferences, backgrounds, and timing. If the girl likes smart and funny boys, she might not fall for a dull boy. If these two people have nothing in common, they might not even like each other. If both of them are currently in relationships, their possibility of falling for each other is low. Determinism takes every separately things in life as a whole that would affect each other in a consistent manner. Everything happens for a reason, and everything will affect one another.

    The theory of Free Will holds the idea that there is more than one option that is available to people at a given moment (Vihvelin). That is to say; people have the free will to choose from those available options at hand at any moment. For example, people can choose to go camping on the weekends or spending some time alone at home after a weary week or do anything they feel like doing. There is nothing wrong in choosing any one of them as long as they want to. As to the principles that guide people to make decisions, moral values play a leading role. Moral values that people are taught since their childhood are used to guide the proper actions of people within their given freedom. Free Will does not mean people could do anything they desire as moral values will influence their decisions (Timpe). For example, one desperate person might think of stealing to get money. But he might suppress this idea because it is illegal and immoral. Alternatively, he might choose to borrow some money from friends for the emergency.

 “The physically possible future” means the option that conforms to the laws of nature and the current state of things at a given moment (Timpe). It is the concept that could separate Determinism from Free Will as Determinism believes there is only one physically possible future while Free Will believes that there is more than one. Determinism argues that there is only one option at a given moment that is consistent with the laws of nature, as the laws of nature are what determines one option is physically possible or not. That is to say, other seemingly possible alternatives are not consistent with the state of the situation or the laws of nature, and thus not physically practical. In this case, people do not have the freedom to choose as there is only one option open to them. However, Free Will believes there could be several physically possible futures at a given moment that people have the freedom to choose from. Unlike Determinism, Free Will believes the freedom of people in deciding their actions.

One reason to believe the Determinism is the cause and effect theory that holds the idea that all human behaviors are predetermined by preexisting factors (Timpe). For example, how a person to behave in certain condition will be influenced by his family background, education level, previous experiences, and way of thinking. Those things are preceding factors that shape human behaviors. However, people have no freedom to choose which family he was born into and what things they might run into in their life. It seems that all the human actions are completely determined by those uncontrollable things, not to mention the law of nature such as life and death. Even if one wants to travel around the world immediately, he doesn’t have enough money to do so or the courage to leave everything behind when he has a sick parent to look after. There is not much freedom he could have in deciding his actions giving his personal condition.

One reason to believe free will is the human subjective initiative in acting or not acting (Timpe). Humans have the power to decide their actions based on their desires. They can choose to drink wine after dinner or drink water or nothing at all. They have the freedom to act on their strongest desires. Accepting free will does not necessarily mean there are no restricts on human actions. A person in Chicago cannot arrive in New York in five minutes due to the restraint of physical distance. But people can still have a certain level of freedom within the natural state of things such as which transportation tool to take and when to depart. If there is no free will, everyone will act the same under the same circumstances. If there is no restraint on free will, the world will be chaotic.

The thesis of Incompatibilism is that Free Will and Determinism are incompatible.   Given the different stance of Determinism and Free Will about the number of physically possible future, these two theories are believed to be incompatible as it is impossible to affirm both Determinism and Free Will at the same time (Vihvelin). Accepting Determinism would suggest the invalidness of Free Will. Namely, if one accepts Determinism as its claim about the only one physically possible future, it is impossible to acknowledge the Free Will of people as people would have no free will under Determinism. Similarly, if one affirms Free Will and people’s freedom to choose from several possible alternatives, they would not agree with the argument of Determinism. In this case, Determinism and Free Will are two conflicting theories that cannot be true at the same time. Incompatibility might also deny both Determinism and Free Will as it stays a mystery which one is better as both of them make sense, and both of them are problematic. Determinism is flawed as it denies the subjective initiative people have in making decisions in their life (Vihvelin). Human minds become a mechanical tool without creativity. In this case, a murderer does not need to take responsibility for the horrible crime he committed because there are no other possible options open to him. Free Will is also problematic as in many cases; human freedom are largely restricted by uncontrollable factors. Accepting freedom would mean accepting the randomness of human choices and denying the influences of preceding factors.