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The area consists of 13 island nations, from the Bahamas in the north to Trinidad and Tobago in the south; Belize, which is geographically situated in Central America; and the two nations of Guyana and Suriname, located on the north central coast of South America. Lots of nations in the region share a common African ethnic and British colonial heritage, while Cuba and the Dominican Republic were Spanish colonies, Haiti was French, and Suriname was Dutch. The dates of independence of these nations vary from Haiti in 1804 to St. Kitts and Nevis in 1983. The biggest nations in terms of land location are Guyana and Suriname, while those with the largest populations are Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti.

Politically, all Caribbean nations, with the exception of communist Cuba, have chosen democratic federal governments. Most of the former British colonies have parliamentary kinds of federal government, with the exception of Guyana, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Suriname, which are republics headed by presidents. In terms of local integration, 14 of the area's independent countries belong to the Caribbean Neighborhood (CARICOM), with the exception of the Dominican Republic (which has observer status) and Cuba. CARICOM was formed in 1973 to stimulate regional financial combination. Some critics argue that it has been sluggish to promote combination, compared to other local financial groupings, however progress has actually been made in moving towards a single economic market and in developing a Caribbean Court of Justice.

The six OECS countries also share a common currency, the Eastern Caribbean dollar, with financial policy managed by the Eastern Caribbean Reserve Bank. The Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), headquartered in Barbados, promotes financial development and regional combination. With the exception of Cuba and Haiti, regular elections have been the norm, and for the a lot of part have actually been free and reasonable. In 2005, Dominica and Suriname held elections in Might, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines held elections in December. Haiti was anticipated to hold elections in 2005, but substantial problems and political instability led to those elections being held off a number of times, till they were eventually held on February 7, 2006.

Effective elections ultimately were hung on August 28, 2006, without the political violence that some observers had actually how to not inherit timeshare contract prepared for. Looking ahead, parliamentary elections are due in St. Lucia by December 2006, while elections in the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago are due in 2007. (See for a listing of leaders and elections for head of federal government.) Although lots of Caribbean nations have actually kept long democratic traditions, they are not immune from terrorist and other dangers to their political stability. In 1993, stability on St. Kitts was threatened following violent protests after contested elections; order was brought back with the help of security forces from surrounding states.

Previously in the 1980s, the government of Eugenia Charles in Dominica was threatened by a strange coup plot involving foreign mercenaries. And obviously, Grenada, under the socialist-oriented federal government of Maurice Bishop, experienced a break from the democratic standard after it assumed power in an almost bloodless coup in 1979 and installed an individuals's revolutionary federal government. After the violent overthrow and murder of Bishop in 1983, the United States stepped in to restore order and end the Cuban existence on the island. Many Caribbean countries experienced an economic slump in 2001-2002 due to recessions in the tourism and farming sectors, although a lot of Caribbean economies have rebounded given that 2003.

economic recession and sluggish recovery. The banana and sugar sectors in the Eastern Caribbean were damaged by a hurricane in 2002 and a dry spell in 2003. Both sectors face uncertain futures because of the European Union's plan to phase out preferred market access from previous Caribbean nests for bananas by 2006 and for sugar by 2009. The Haitian economy experienced decrease start in 2001, with political instability intensifying currently hard economic conditions in the hemisphere's poorest nation. The greatest performing economies recently have actually been those of the Dominican Republic, sustained by the clothing sector, and Trinidad and Tobago, with substantial energy resources.

In 2004 and 2005, the area's greatest financial performers averaging development rates over 5% for those two years, were Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Those nations not prospering in 2004 because of ravaging typhoons and tropical storms included Haiti, with a 3. 5%% decline in gdp (GDP), and Grenada, with a GDP decline of 3%. For 2005, however, Grenada's economy rebounded with growth over 5%, while Haiti's development was 1. 8%. In Guyana, financial growth has actually been stagnant or minimal over the past a number of years. In 2005, the economy decreased 3% because of high oil rates and floods, which early in the year badly impacted agriculture and mining activities.

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However, some observers have actually likewise been worried about the area's high level of public debt, with several Caribbean nations having financial obligation levels that surpass 100% of their GDP. U.S. interests in the Caribbean are diverse, and consist of financial, political, and security concerns. During the Cold War, security issues tended to eclipse other policy interests. In the consequences of the Cold War, other U.S. policy interests emerged from the shadow of the East-West conflict in the Caribbean that focused on concerns about the Soviet and Cuban threat. U.S. policy top priorities moved from one stressing security issues to a brand-new concentrate on strengthened financial relations through trade and investment.

interest in the Caribbean. The Administration explains the Caribbean as America's "3rd border," with occasions in the region having a direct effect on the homeland security of the United States. It describes Caribbean countries as "important partners on security, trade, health, the environment, education, regional democracy, and other hemispheric issues." The United States has close relations with many Caribbean nations, with the exception of Cuba under Fidel Castro. The U.S.-Caribbean relationship is identified by substantial financial linkages, cooperation on counter-narcotics efforts and security, and a large U.S. foreign assistance program supporting a variety of jobs to strengthen democracy, promote economic growth and advancement, relieve hardship, and combat the AIDS epidemic in the region. Customs and Border Security of the Department of Homeland Security. The CSI program assists guarantee that high-risk containers are identified and examined at foreign ports before they are positioned on vessels for delivery to the United States. In September 2006, three Caribbean ports ended up being operational CSI ports: Caucedo, Dominican Republic; Kingston, Jamaica; and Freeport, Bahamas. Other Latin American ports in the CSI program are the Central American port of Puerto Cortes, Honduras, and the South American ports of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Santos, Brazil. In the 108th Congress, a legislative initiative required additional foreign support in order to enhance foreign port security worldwide, however no last action was finished before the end of the session.

2279 (Hollings), in September 2004, which would have provided for the Administrator of the Maritime Administration, in coordination with the Secretary of State, to identify foreign support programs that could help with application of port security antiterrorism steps in foreign nations. The act also would have required a wesley financial bbb report on the security of ports in the Caribbean Basin, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of the procedures used to improved security at such ports and an assessment of the resources and program changes required to make the most of security at Caribbean Basin ports. In the 109th Congress, two costs would attend to foreign help programs for Caribbean Basin ports.

744 (Nelson, Costs), introduced April 11, 2005, would establish a Caribbean Basin Port Help Program. Under the legislative initiative, the Administrator of MARAD in the Department of Transportation, in coordination with the Secretary of State, would determine foreign assistance programs that might facilitate implementation of port security antiterrorism measures at Caribbean Basin ports. The Administrator and the Secretary would develop a program for such assistance in assessment with the Organization of American States. In addition, the Secretary of Homeland Security would be needed to submit a report to Congress on status of port security in Caribbean Basin nations. S. 1052 (Stevens), the Transportation Security Enhancement Act of 2005, consists of a provision (Section 504) that would develop a program to help with application of port security antiterrorism procedures in foreign nations, with particular focus on ports in the Caribbean Basin; this expense was presented May 17, 2005, and reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transport on February 27, 2006 (S.Rept.

2791 (Stevens), introduced May 11, 2006. Rising crime is a major security difficulty throughout the Caribbean. The murder rate in Jamaica continues to soar, with 1,445 people killed in 2004 and more than 1,600 people in 2005. With rate of 60 murders per 100,000 residents in 2005, Jamaica had the highest murder rate in the world. In late February 2006, Jamaicans were stunned over the harsh killings of 6 member of the family, including four young kids in the western part of the country. High levels of violent crime, consisting of murder and kidnaping, likewise have actually pestered Trinidad and Tobago and Haiti. Even smaller sized Caribbean nations like St.

On April 22, 2006, Guyana's Agriculture minister, along with his 2 siblings and a security guard, were shot and eliminated in an obvious robbery. Gangs associated with drug trafficking, extortion, and violence are accountable for much of the criminal activity. Some observers think that crooks deported from the United States have contributed to the region's rise in violent criminal activity in current years, although some preserve that there is no recognized link. Jamaica has promoted the advancement of an international protocol concerning the deportation of crooks. A significant concern for Caribbean nationsthe bulk of which are net energy importershas been the increasing cost of oil and the prospective result of such rising rates on economic development and social stability.

Of these, only Trinidad and Tobago is a major oil and gas manufacturer, accounting for 60% of proven oil reserves and 91% of gas reserves in the region. The country is also the biggest provider of liquified gas (LNG) to the United States, representing 75% of all U.S. LNG imports. Apart from Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba also produces oil, however still imports a majority of its consumption requires. Barbados also produces a small quantity of oil, which is refined in Trinidad and Tobago, however it imports 90% of its oil intake requirements. Venezuela is now offering oil to Caribbean nations on preferential terms in a brand-new program understood as Petro, Caribe, and there has actually been some U.S.

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Because 1980, Caribbean nations have taken advantage of preferential oil imports from Venezuela (and Mexico) under the San Jose Pact, and given that 2001, Venezuela has actually supplied additional support for Caribbean oil imports under the Caracas Energy Accord. Petro, Caribe, nevertheless, would go further with the objective of putting in place a regional supply, refining, and transport and storage network, and developing an advancement fund for those nations getting involved in the program. What does etf stand for in finance. Under the program, Venezuela revealed that it would supply 190,000 barrels daily of oil to the area, with countries paying market rates for 50% of the oil within 90 days, and the balance paid over 25 years at a yearly rate of 2%.

To date, 14 Caribbean nations are signatories of Petro, Caribe. Barbados, which currently gets reduced petroleum rates from Trinidad, has actually declined to sign the agreement, and Trinidad, which has its own considerable energy resources, has decreased to sign. (For additional information, see CRS Report RL33693, Latin America: Energy Supply, Political Advancements, and U.S. Policy Approaches, by [author name scrubbed], [author name scrubbed], and [author name scrubbed]) The AIDS epidemic in the Caribbean, where infection rates are amongst the greatest outside of sub-Saharan Africa, has already begun to have negative effects for financial and social advancement in the area. In 2005, an estimated 300,000 adults and kids in the Caribbean were reported to be coping with HIV, with the epidemic declaring 24,000 lives during the year, making it the leading cause of death amongst adults aged 15-44 years.